Dab tsi yog cov teebmeem thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm urolithin A? Yam khoom twg ntxiv

 Urolithin A yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm bioactive tshuaj siv dav hauv tshuaj thiab kev kho mob. Nws yog ib qho enzyme tsuas yog tsim los ntawm ob lub raum thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntshav txhaws. Cov teebmeem tej yam yees siv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Urolithin A feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov hauv qab no.

Urolithin A tiv thaiv cov leeg nqaij degeneration

1. Txhawb cov leeg nqaij protein synthesis thiab qhib mTOR signaling pathway

Lub hom phiaj mammalian ntawm rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov leeg nqaij protein synthesis. Urolithin A tuaj yeem qhib mTOR kev taw qhia txoj hauv kev thiab txhawb nqa cov protein synthesis hauv cov leeg nqaij.

mTOR tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​cov cim xws li cov as-ham thiab kev loj hlob hauv cov hlwb. Thaum lub tshuab ua haujlwm, nws yuav pib ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv qis qis, xws li ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) thiab eukaryotic pib qhov tseem ceeb 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Urolithin A activates mTOR, phosphorylating S6K1 thiab 4E-BP1, yog li txhawb nqa mRNA kev txhais lus pib thiab ribosome sib dhos, thiab ua kom cov protein synthesis.

Piv txwv li, hauv kev sim nrog hauv vitro kab lis kev cai ntawm cov leeg nqaij, tom qab ntxiv urolithin A, nws tau pom tias cov qib phosphorylation ntawm mTOR thiab nws cov cim taw qhia hauv qab tau nce, thiab kev qhia ntawm cov leeg nqaij protein synthesis markers (xws li myosin heavy chain) nce.
Regulates cov leeg nqaij tshwj xeeb transcription factor qhia

Urolithin A tuaj yeem tswj cov kev qhia ntawm cov leeg nqaij tshwj xeeb transcription yam tseem ceeb rau cov leeg nqaij protein synthesis thiab nqaij cell sib txawv. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev qhia ntawm myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD) thiab myogenin.

MyoD thiab Myogenin tuaj yeem txhawb nqa qhov sib txawv ntawm cov leeg qia hlwb rau hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab ua kom muaj kev qhia ntawm cov leeg nqaij tshwj xeeb, yog li txhawb cov leeg nqaij protein synthesis. Hauv cov leeg nqaij atrophy, tom qab kev kho mob urolithin A, kev qhia ntawm MyoD thiab Myogenin nce, uas pab tswj cov leeg nqaij thiab tiv thaiv cov leeg nqaij.

2. Inhibit nqaij protein degradation thiab inhibit ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)

UPS yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau cov leeg nqaij protein degradation. Thaum lub sij hawm cov leeg nqaij atrophy, qee qhov E3 ubiquitin ligases, xws li nqaij atrophy F-box protein (MAFbx) thiab nqaij Ntiv ntiv tes protein 1 (MuRF1), tau qhib, uas tuaj yeem sau cov nqaij leeg nqaij nrog ubiquitin thiab tom qab ntawd degrade lawv los ntawm cov proteasome.

Urolithin A tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm E3 ubiquitin ligases. Hauv cov qauv kev sim tsiaj, urolithin A tuaj yeem txo qis MAFbx thiab MuRF1, txo cov cim ubiquitination ntawm cov leeg nqaij, yog li inhibiting UPS-mediated nqaij protein degradation thiab zoo tiv thaiv cov leeg nqaij.

Modulation ntawm autophagy-lysosomal system (ALS)

ALS ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov leeg nqaij thiab cov kabmob, tab sis kev ua haujlwm dhau los kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov leeg nqaij atrophy. Urolithin A tuaj yeem tswj ALS mus rau theem tsim nyog. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam autophagy ntau dhau thiab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov leeg nqaij protein ntau.
Piv txwv li, urolithin A tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov kev qhia ntawm autophagy-txog cov proteins (xws li LC3-II), kom nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov homeostasis ntawm cov leeg nqaij ib puag ncig thaum tsis txhob tshem tawm cov leeg nqaij ntau dhau, yog li pab tswj cov leeg nqaij.

3. Txhim kho lub zog metabolism ntawm cov leeg nqaij

Cov leeg nqaij yuav tsum muaj zog ntau, thiab mitochondria yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob. Urolithin A tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg hlwb mitochondria thiab txhim kho lub zog tsim khoom. Nws tuaj yeem txhawb nqa mitochondrial biogenesis thiab nce tus naj npawb ntawm mitochondria.

Piv txwv li, urolithin A tuaj yeem ua rau peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), uas yog tus tswj hwm ntawm mitochondrial biogenesis, txhawb nqa mitochondrial DNA replication thiab lwm yam protein synthesis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, urolithin A kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm mitochondrial respiratory saw, nce cov synthesis ntawm adenosine triphosphate (ATP), muab lub zog txaus rau cov leeg nqaij, thiab txo cov leeg nqaij los ntawm lub zog tsis txaus.

Tswj cov piam thaj thiab lipid metabolism thiab txhawb cov leeg ua haujlwm

Urolithin A tuaj yeem tswj cov piam thaj thiab lipid metabolism ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Hais txog cov piam thaj metabolism, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev siv cov piam thaj los ntawm cov leeg nqaij, thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov leeg hlwb muaj lub zog txaus los ntawm kev ua kom cov insulin signaling pathway lossis lwm yam kev thauj mus los ntawm cov piam thaj.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lipid metabolism, urolithin A tuaj yeem txhawb cov fatty acid oxidation, muab lwm lub zog rau cov leeg nqaij. Los ntawm optimizing qabzib thiab lipid metabolism, urolithin A tswj lub zog ntawm cov leeg hlwb thiab pab tiv thaiv cov leeg nqaij.

Urolithin A txhim kho cov metabolism

1. Tswj cov piam thaj metabolism thiab txhim kho insulin rhiab heev
Urolithin A tuaj yeem txhim kho insulin rhiab heev, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov ntshav qab zib kom ruaj khov. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov molecules tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev taw qhia cov tshuaj insulin, xws li insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins.

Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm insulin tsis kam, tyrosine phosphorylation ntawm IRS protein yog inhibited, ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) taw qhia txoj hauv kev kom ua kom nquag plias, thiab lub cell teb rau insulin tsis muaj zog.

Urolithin A tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tyrosine phosphorylation ntawm IRS cov protein, yog li ua kom PI3K-protein kinase B (Akt) taw qhia txoj hauv kev, ua kom cov hlwb zoo dua nqus thiab siv cov piam thaj. Piv txwv li, hauv cov qauv kev sim tsiaj, tom qab kev tswj hwm ntawm urolithin A, rhiab heev ntawm cov leeg thiab cov ntaub so ntswg adipose rau insulin tau zoo tuaj, thiab cov ntshav qab zib tau tswj tau zoo.

Regulates glycogen synthesis thiab degradation

Glycogen yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov piam thaj hauv lub cev, feem ntau khaws cia hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg nqaij. Urolithin A tuaj yeem tswj cov synthesis thiab decomposition ntawm glycogen. Nws tuaj yeem qhib glycogen synthase, txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm glycogen, thiab nce cov cia ntawm glycogen.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, urolithin A tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm glycogenolytic enzymes, xws li glycogen phosphorylase, thiab txo cov glycogen decomposed rau hauv qabzib thiab tso tawm rau hauv cov ntshav. Qhov no pab tswj cov ntshav qab zib kom ruaj khov thiab tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov piam thaj ntau dhau. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tus qauv ntshav qab zib, tom qab kev kho mob urolithin A, cov ntsiab lus glycogen hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg nce, thiab kev tswj ntshav qab zib tau zoo dua.

2. Optimize lipid metabolism thiab inhibit fatty acid synthesis

Urolithin A muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm cov txheej txheem lipid synthesis. Hauv daim siab thiab cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov enzymes tseem ceeb hauv fatty acid synthesis, xws li fatty acid synthase (FAS) thiab acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).

FAS thiab ACC yog cov kev tswj hwm enzymes tseem ceeb hauv de novo synthesis ntawm fatty acids. Urolithin A tuaj yeem txo cov synthesis ntawm fatty acids los ntawm inhibiting lawv cov haujlwm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov qauv fatty daim siab raug ntxias los ntawm kev noj zaub mov muaj roj ntau, urolithin A tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ua ntawm FAS thiab ACC hauv daim siab, txo cov synthesis ntawm triglycerides, thiab yog li txo qis lipid tsub zuj zuj hauv daim siab.

Txhawb nqa fatty acid oxidation

Ntxiv nrog rau inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, urolithin A kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb oxidative decomposition ntawm fatty acids. Nws tuaj yeem qhib txoj kev taw qhia thiab cov enzymes ntsig txog fatty acid oxidation. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1).

CPT-1 yog ib qho tseem ceeb enzyme nyob rau hauv fatty acid β-oxidation, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau thauj fatty acids mus rau mitochondria rau oxidative decomposition. Urolithin A txhawb β-oxidation ntawm fatty acids los ntawm activating CPT-1, tsub kom muaj roj zog noj, pab txo lub cev rog cia, thiab txhim kho lipid metabolism.

3. Txhim kho lub zog metabolism thiab txhim kho mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi

Mitochondria yog "lub zog fais fab" ntawm cov hlwb, thiab urolithin A tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm mitochondria. Nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm mitochondrial biogenesis thiab txhawb nqa mitochondrial synthesis thiab rov ua dua tshiab. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem qhib peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α).

PGC-1α yog tus tswj hwm tseem ceeb ntawm mitochondrial biogenesis, uas tuaj yeem txhawb kev rov ua dua ntawm mitochondrial DNA thiab kev sib txuas ntawm mitochondrial-related proteins. Urolithin A nce tus naj npawb thiab qhov zoo ntawm mitochondria thiab txhim kho lub zog tsim hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlwb los ntawm kev ua kom PGC-1α. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, urolithin A kuj tuaj yeem txhim kho txoj haujlwm ua pa ntawm mitochondria thiab ua kom cov synthesis ntawm adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

4. Tswj Cellular Metabolic Reprogramming

Urolithin A tuaj yeem coj cov cell mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic reprogramming, ua rau cov cell metabolism zoo dua. Nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev ntxhov siab lossis kab mob, cov qauv ntawm tes ntawm metabolic yuav hloov, uas ua rau txo qis hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws.

Urolithin A tuaj yeem tswj cov kev taw qhia metabolic hauv cov hlwb, xws li AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) taw qhia txoj hauv kev. AMPK yog "sensor" ntawm cellular zog metabolism. Tom qab urolithin A activates AMPK, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov hlwb hloov los ntawm anabolism mus rau catabolism, ua kom muaj zog siv zog thiab cov as-ham, yog li txhim kho tag nrho cov metabolic muaj nuj nqi.

Kev thov ntawm urolithin A tsis txwv rau kev kho mob. Nws tseem maj mam tau txais kev saib xyuas hauv cov khoom noj qab haus huv thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Urolithin A ntxiv rau ntau yam khoom noj qab haus huv los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob, txhim kho cov ntshav ncig thiab txhawb cov metabolism. Cov khoom no feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav, ntsiav tshuaj lossis kua, haum rau cov kev xav tau ntawm ntau pawg neeg.

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, urolithin A yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom tu tawv nqaij vim nws cell regeneration thiab anti-aging zog. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov ntshav ncig hauv daim tawv nqaij thiab txhawb nqa collagen synthesis, yog li txhim kho daim tawv nqaij elasticity thiab radiance. Ntau lub tuam txhab kev saib xyuas tawv nqaij qib siab tau pib siv urolithin A los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb los tawm tsam kev laus, kho thiab moisturizing cov khoom kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom nrhiav cov tawv nqaij zoo nkauj.

Hauv kev xaus, raws li cov khoom siv bioactive nrog ntau lub luag haujlwm, urolithin A tau qhia dav dav hauv cov tshuaj, kev kho mob thiab kev zoo nkauj. Nrog rau kev nkag siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, daim ntawv thov teb ntawm urolithin A yuav txuas ntxiv nthuav dav, muab ntau txoj kev xaiv rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev zoo nkauj.